A Pop-Up Question about Physics

Why do magnets attract metals?

To be honest, this question hit my mind at 8am, and I though it might be intriguing to answer it using nothing but what's stored in my memory (I do that all the time, being too lazy to flip pages).

Okay, back to the question.

You see, metals consist of, well, metal atoms. These metal atoms are binded together via intermolecular forces known as the metallic bonds. Each metal achieves stable octet configuration invariably by expelling one or more electrons from their outermost shell. The expulsion is done due to the fact that the outermost electrons can obtain enough energy to be "free" and enter the conduction band from the valence band.

Thus, the metal atoms turn into cations, and the expelled electrons sort of coalesces into a mass with spaces between each individual electrons, known as a "sea" or "cloud" of electrons.

In picture, you can imagine a body of water, with electrons taking the place of water molecules, while metal cations are ice cubes, suspended in meticulous order in this "sea". And, knowing electrons, they're not about to sit tight or stay still.

Since these electrons have energy, they moved. Recall the magnetic force - it is present only on an electrically charged particle if the particle moves in any direction different to the direction of the magnetic field. The direction of the magnetic force, if present, will always be perpendicular to directions of both the velocity of the charged particle and the magnetic field.

Equation : (Magnetic Force, F) = (Electric Charge of Particle, q) * (Velocity of Charged Particle, v) x (Magnetic Field Strength, B)

Electrons within the "sea" moves randomly. When a piece of metal is placed within a magnetic field, the electrons within the "sea" experience magnetic force due to their random motion. Keep in mind that even though the net velocity of the masses of electrons are zero, the net magnetic force is not, since movement parallel to the magnetic field lines do not produce magnetic forces.

The force would not be enough to dispatch the electrons from their "sea" - instead the magnetic force pulls the electrons - along with the metal ions towards the source (magnet) where the magnetic field is at its strongest, since a stronger field exerts more magnetic force upon the electrons.

Macroscopically speaking, the metal is pulled towards the magnet due to the magnetic force exerted upon it. Non-metals have no free electrons in the conduction band, that's why they are not attracted towards magnets.